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DC-to-DC converter: is an electronic device which converts the source of direct current (dc) from one voltage level (solar module) to another level. It can be a portion of the max power point tracker or MPPT.

DOD: or Depth of Discharge is an alternate method of indicating the batteryﾒs SOC or state-of-charge. It is the inverse of the SOC and when one increases, the other decreases.

Deep discharge: The battery discharges to almost 20% of its normal full load.

Diffuse Insolation: It is the sunlight received in a scattered form, resulting in reflection from particles in the atmosphere (cloud, dust, fog, haze, etc) and an opposite to direct insolation.

Direct current / DC: It is the unidirectional flow of electrical charge. It is different from alternating current.

Direct insolation: It is the solar irradiance falling directly on a surface element (collector), perpendicular to the sun's rays.

Discharge rate: Refers to the current delivered from a battery during discharge. Its calculation is in Time or Amperes.

Distributed System: Any system installed closely to the electrical utilization point compared to the central system supplying to the electrical grids. One such example of distributed system is the residential solar panel.