Carbon Dioxide) Emissions created by Electricity Generation
Every country uses various types of fuel in their power stations to generate electricity for power. America, India and Australia depend heavily on coal, while France depends on nuclear power, and Sweden and Norway use hydro-electric to power most of their electricity.
This variance in types of generation results in many different volumes of emissions, the amount of which are significant in their quantum according to each country’s production of electricity.
|
Country |
CO2 emissions per kWh |
|
Austria |
221g (8 ounces) |
|
Australia |
936g (2 pounds) |
|
Canada |
234g (8!/2 ounces) |
|
Denmark |
308g(ll ounces) |
|
France |
87g (3 ounces) |
|
Finland |
261g (9V2 ounces) |
|
Germany |
453g (1 pound) |
|
Greece |
781g (1 pound 11 ounces) |
|
Iceland |
138g(5 ounces) |
|
India |
930g (2 pounds) |
|
Ireland |
573g (1 pound 414 ounces) |
|
Italy |
455g (1 pound) |
|
Japan |
429g(15'/2 ounces) |
|
Nepal |
lg (jounce) |
|
New Zealand |
275g (10 ounces) |
|
Norway |
7g (!/4 ounce) |
|
Pakistan |
380g (14 ounces) |
|
Spain |
452g (1 pound) |
|
Sweden |
57g (2 ounces) |
|
United Kingdom |
537g (1 pound 3 ounces) |
|
United States of America 609g (1 pound 6 ounces) |
|
Sources: International Energy Agency Data Services/Carbon Trust.
Regardless of whether we use petrol, gasoline, diesel or electricity to fuel our cars, it is imperative that we understand the process of energy production if we wish to have a comprehensive knowledge of the whole “well to wheel” process of vehicle energy usage.
Crude oils exist at different levels in the crust of the earth, both on dry land and under the sea. Oil is trapped under extreme high pressure, in between sandstone and natural gas as well as salt water.
The oil’s texture and its chemical makeup differ from oil field to oil field. Some fields produce thick, tar-like oil called “heavy crude,” while others produce a thin, light oil called “light crude.” The chemical makeup is also different between various types, and is graded according to their content of sulphur. Oil with a low content of sulphur is known as “sweet oil,” whereas oil with a high amount of sulphur content is called “sour oil.” Crude oils are seen in varying colorations, including black, brown, green, red, orange or yellow.
The “light” and “sweet” crude oil is the most expensive type for its ability to fuel more aerospace and automotive vehicles when it is refined.
When a well is drilled at the formation side, oil will be released, but caution is needed in this process. If the formation peak is tapped, there is only gas, and tapping too far on the formation side will give only salt water.
Due to the natural pressure in the oil seam, the raw product gushes out from the well forcefully to the surface. To maintain the well’s pressure levels, water is normally pumped into the well to replace the extracted oil. This process also allows oil to be further extracted easily.
Many oil fields that are in operation today handle multiple wells to extract oil as well as natural gas. These are piped directly to the refinery or onto ships to be transported to a refinery. Besides